Abstract
This article contributes to the discussion on water management in agriculture and investment needs in this area. Water is a key resource for agricultural production. Contemporary economic, social, and environmental challenges require farmers to implement modern drainage and irrigation solutions that will increase the efficiency of agricultural water use and produce food in line with sustainable development principles. The aim of the study was to determine the potential interest of farmers in modern irrigation and drainage investments (regarding both traditional solutions and digital innovations, including specialised software). Primary data were collected by survey method using an electronic questionnaire in 2021–2022. The research group consisted of 784 Polish farmers. Secondary source data was supplemented by analysis of specialised literature. The research results were analysed using a descriptive method. Additionally, statistical methods were used (Pearson's chi-square test of independence, Wald-Wolfowitz runs test, Kruskal-Wallis test). The study results indicate a significant need for irrigation and drainage investments on Polish farms. The results also indicated that farmer age and farm size significantly influence farmers' interest in modern solutions supporting sustainable water use for agricultural purposes.
References
Adamska, H., & Minta, S. (2019). Evaluation of rural communes in the context of sustainable development. Annals PAAAE, 21(4), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6076
Ahmed, S. M. (2020). Impacts of drought, food security policy and climate change on performance of irrigation schemes in Sub-saharan Africa: The case of Sudan. Agricultural Water Management, 232, 106064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106064
Alexandratos, N., & Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 revision (ESA Working Paper No. 12-03). https://www.fao.org/4/ap106e/ap106e.pdf
Alharbi, S., Felemban, A., Abdelrahim, A., & Al-Dakhil, M. (2024). Agricultural and technology-based strategies to improve water-use efficiency in arid and semiarid areas. Water, 16(13), 1842. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131842
Bański, J., & Błażejczyk, K. (2005). Globalne zmiany klimatu i ich wpływ na światowe rolnictwo. In G. Dybowski (Ed.), Wpływ procesu globalizacji na rozwój rolnictwa na świecie (pp. 204-231). Instytut Ekonomiki Rolnictwa i Gospodarki Żywnościowej PIB. (in Polish).
Berkowska, E., & Gwiazdowicz, M. (2020). Water deficit in Poland. INFOS The Socio-Economic, (1), 1-4. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1014585
Chawla, R., Dubey, S., & Khose, S. (2023). Water productivity in agriculture: A key to sustainable food production. Agriculture & Food, 5, 326-329. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375747009_Water_Productivity_in_Agriculture_A_Key_to_Sustainable_Food_Production
Dobrzański, G. (2002). Teraźniejszość i przyszłość ekorozwoju w Polsce. Politechnika Białostocka. (in Polish).
Falkenmark, M., & Rockström, J. (2004). Balancing water for humans and nature: The new approach in ecohydrology. London: Routlege. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849770521
Fernandes, A. P. G., Machado, J., Fernandes, T. R., Vasconcelos, M. W., & Carvalho, S. M. P. (2022). Water and nitrogen fertilization management in light of climate change: Impacts on food security and product quality. In Kumar, V. Sristava, A. K. & Suprasanna P. (Eds.), Plant nutrition and food security in the era of climate change (pp. 147-178). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822916-3.00013-5
Forouzani, M., & Karami, E. (2011). Agricultural water poverty index and sustainability. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 31(2), 415-431. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2010026
Gupta, P., Singh, J., Verma, S., Chandel, A. S., & Bhatla, R. (2021). Impact of climate change and water quality degradation on food security and agriculture. In Thokchom, B., Qiu, P., Singh, P. & Iyer P. K. (Eds.), Water conservation in the era of global climate change (pp. 1-22). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820200-5.00006-3
Guth, M., Matuszczak, A., Poczta-Wajda, A., Sapa, A., & Smędzik-Ambroży, K. (2024). What drives European farmers’ attitude towards water management - a systematic literature approach. Economics and Environment, 89(2), 738. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2024.89.2.738
Hoover, D. L., Abendroth, L. J., Browning, D. M., Saha, A., Snyder, K., Wagle, P., Witthaus, L., Baffaut, C., Biederman, J. A., Bosch, D. D., Bracho, R., Clark, P., Ellsworth, P., Fay, P. A., Flerchinger, G., Kearney, S., Levers, L., Saliendra, N., Schmer, M., Schomberg, H., & Scott, R. L. (2023). Indicators of water use efficiency across diverse agroecosystems and spatiotemporal scales. Science of The Total Environment, 864, 160992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160992
Kaddoura, S., & el Khatib, S. (2017). Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modelling approach for integrated policy making. Environmental Science and Policy, 77, 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.007
Kamiński, A., & Pusz, A. (2023). Woda a energetyka w obliczu wyzwań i realizacji celów zrównoważonego rozwoju. Polish Journal for Sustainable Development, 27(2), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.15584/pjsd.2023.27.2.3 (in Polish).
Kazbekov, J., Abdullaev, I., Anarbekov, O., & Jumaboev, K. (2007). Improved water management through effective water users associations in Central Asia: Case of Kyrgyzstan. International Water Management Institute. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/273357/
Kłos, L. (2023). Agricultural producers’ knowledge of rational water management – case stage (Poland, EU). Economics and Environment, 85(2), 271-295. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.85.2.553
Kozłowski, W., & Turkowski, K. (2024). A sustainable model of municipal economy. Economics and Environment, 87(4), 587, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.87.4.587
Kuryluk, R. (2020). O problemie z wodą w rolnictwie – okiem rolnika. In R. Borek, A. Furdyna, A. Makowska, J. Perzyna, M. Staniszewska, & J. Zwolińska (Eds.), Woda w rolnictwie. Ekspertyza (pp. 10-11). Polski Klub Ekologiczny Koło Miejskie w Gliwicach. (in Polish).
Lee, S. H., Choi, J. Y., Hur, S. O., Taniguchi, M., Masuhara, N., Kim, K. S., Hyun, S., Choi, E., Sung, J. H., & Yoo, S. H. (2020). Food-centric interlinkages in agricultural food-energy-water nexus under climate change and irrigation management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 163, 105099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105099
Lorek, E., & Lorek, A. (2018). Circular economy in sustainable water management – theory and practice. Economics and Environment, 67(4), 10. https://katalogi.bn.org.pl/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=48OMNIS_NLOP:48OMNIS_NLOP&docid=alma991052705672705066&context=L
Mahlknecht, J., González-Bravo, R., & Loge, F. J. (2020). Water-energy-food security: A Nexus perspective of the current situation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Energy, 194, 116824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116824
Michalak, A. (2025). Ekonomiczne aspekty adaptacji do zmiany klimatu branży rolnej na przykładzie produkcji roślinnej w Polsce. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. (in Polish).
Minta, S., Tańska-Hus, B., & Nowak, M. (2013). Koncepcja wdrożenia produktu regionalnego „Wołowina Sudecka” w kontekście ochrony środowiska. Annual Set The Environmental Protection, 15, 2887-2898. https://ros.edu.pl/images/roczniki/2013/pp_2013_191.pdf (in Polish).
Mukhammadiev, B. (2013). Challenges of transboundary water resources management in Central Asia. In M. M. Rahaman & O. Varis (Eds.), Central Asian waters (pp. 241-257). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02356-9_9
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). Innovation, productivity and sustainability in food and agriculture: Main findings from country reviews and policy lessons. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/c9c4ec1d-en
Piedra-Muñoz, L., Vega-Lopez, L. L., Galdeano-Gomez, E., & Zepeda-Zepeda, J. A. (2018). Drivers for efficient water use in agriculture: An empirical analysis of family farms in Almería, Spain. Experimental Agriculture, 54(1), 31-44. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/119885/
Przybyła, C., & Szafrański, C. (2004). Problemy gospodarowania wodą w rolnictwie Wielkopolski. Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie, 4(2a), 25-38. https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/338631 (in Polish).
Pułaska-Turyna, B. (2011). Statystyka dla ekonomistów. Difin. (in Polish).
Saiko, T. A., & Zonn, I. S. (2000). Irrigation expansion and dynamics of desertification in the Circum-Aral region of Central Asia. Applied Geography, 20(4), 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-6228(00)00014-X
Schnuerch, M., Haaf, J. M., Sarafoglou, A., & Rouder, J. N. (2022). Meaningful comparisons with ordinal-scale items. Collabra: Psychology, 8(1), 38594. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.38594
Szwed, R. (2008). Metody statystyczne w naukach społecznych: Elementy teorii i zadania. Wydawnictwo KUL. (in Polish).
Tace, Y., Elfilali, S., Tabaa, M., & Leghris, C. (2023). Implementation of smart irrigation using IoT and artificial intelligence. Mathematical Modeling and Computing, 10, 575-582. https://doi.org/10.23939/mmc2023.02.575
Thier, A. (2016). Gospodarcze i społeczne przyczyny oraz skutki deficytu zasobów wodnych. Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie; Polskie Stowarzyszenie Ekonomistów Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych. (in Polish).
Tójar-Hurtado, J.-C., Mena-Rodríguez, E., & Fernández-Jiménez, M.-Á. (2017). Spanish agriculture and water: Educational implications of water culture and consumption from the farmers’ perspective. Water, 9(12), 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120964
UNESCO. (2021). The United Nations world water development report 2021: Valuing water. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000375724
United Nations. (2024). The United Nations world water development report 2024: Water for prosperity and peace. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000388948
United Nations General Assembly. (2004). International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”. https://undocs.org/A/RES/58/217
Vinokurov, E., Ahunbaev, A., Chuyev, S., Adakhayev, A., & Sarsembekov, T. (2023). Efficient irrigation and water conservation in Central Asia. Eurasian Development Bank Reoprts and Working Papers, 23/4. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4634995
Vrachioli, M., Stefanou, S. E., & Tzouvelekas, V. (2021). Impact evaluation of alternative irrigation technology in Crete: Correcting for selectivity bias. Environmental and Resource Economics, 79, 551-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00572-y
Wawer, R. (2020). Gospodarowanie wodą w rolnictwie w zmieniającym się klimacie. Perspektywa przejścia na rolnictwo nawadniane a sprawiedliwe i zrównoważone korzystanie z wód w świetle rozwiązań hiszpańskich i postępu w informatyce. Polish Journal of Agronomy, 41, 38-48. https://doi.org/10.26114/pja.iung.424.2020.41.05 (in Polish).
Wojewodzic, T., Janus, J., Dacko, M., Pijanowski, J., & Taszakowski, J. (2021). Measuring the effectiveness of land consolidation: An economic approach based on selected case studies from Poland. Land Use Policy, 100, 104888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104888
Woś, A. (1995). Ekonomika odnawialnych zasobów przyrody. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. (in Polish).

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Economics and Environment
